Laporan Analisis Vegetasi Metode Point Centered Quarter (PCQ)

POIN CENTERED QUARTER

PAPERS

Prepared to conform the task subject ecology

Lecture by Dr. Hadi Suwono, M.Si and Dr. Vivi Novianti, S.Si, M.Si

By 

 Group 6 

Dita Perdana               (150341607509) 

Dwi Darmayanti         (150341601390) 

Moch. Fahrur Rozi      (150341601364) 

Ridadyah Wilujeng     (150341600127)

 

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE

BIOLOGY MAJORS

March 2017

CHAPTER I

PREFACE

1.1  Background

On this earth, in a landscape of certain types of plants have a tendency to form a community of plants, people plant which is called the vegetation is basically formed as a result of two important phenomena, ie the difference in tolerance to the environment and their heterogeneity of the environment.

According Kimbal (1965: 91) analysis is a way of studying the arrangement of vegetation (species composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. For a comprehensive forest conditions, the vegetation analysis activities closely related to sampling, which means that we can simply put some sample plots to represent the habitat. In this sampling, there are three things to note, that the number of sample plots, how the laying of sample plots and vegetation analysis techniques were used.

Methods point centered quarter (PCQ) is a method that is widely used for a range of trees and shrubs. The parameters used are the frequency, density and dominance. The number of individuals in an area can be determined by measuring the distance between the individual plants with the sampling point. Sampling point is the point in the transect line, at that point divided into four quadrants, each individual plant closest distance to the sampling point.

methods point centered quarter (PCQ) is one of the methods without plot. The advantage of using the method without the plot than the standard plot-based techniques is that the method of point centered quarter (PCQ) tend to be more efficient. Without plot method is faster to perform, requiring relatively little equipment, so it requires little labor (Mitchell, 2007).

1.2  Purpose

1.      Knowing the type of plant life Malabar forest Malang

2.      Knowing the Importance Value Index (IVI) each plant species in a vegetation using the point centered quarter in Malabar Forest

3.      Knowing the influence of abiotic factors on the dominance of plants in Malabar Forest

1.3  Benefit

1.      Know type of plant at Malabar forest

2.      Know the the Importance Value Index (IVI) plant at Malabar Forest

3.      Know relation about abiotic factor with dominance plant

1.4  Limited

The study was conducted in a forested area Malabar city on Thursday, March 8, 2017. The tree that can be analyzed by PCQ only method that has a circumference of at least 30 cm. Data taken for PCQ method only quadran 1, 2, and 4.

1.5  Operational Definition

1.5.1        Vegetation

Vegetation is a collection of some plants, usually consisting of several types and living together in one place. Among these individuals there is a close interaction between the plant itself and the animals that live in the vegetation and-facto environmental factors (Fakuara, 1990).

1.5.2        Analysis Vegetation

vegetation analysis is a way of description of a type of vegetation based on the floristic composition of vegetation is to make a list of the type of a community (Martono, 2012).

1.5.3        PCQ(PointCenteredQuarter)

PCQ(PointCenteredQuarter)is one method of distance(DistanceMethod).This method does not use sample plot (plotless) and generally used in the analysis stage vegetation tree or pole(pole).

1.5.4        Absolute Density

AbsoluteDensity is defined as the number of trees per unit area (Mitchell, 2007).

1.5.5        Relative density

relative density of each species is defined as a percentage of the total number of observations of the species (Mitchell, 2007).

1.5.6        The absolute dominance

the absolute dominance of each species were expressed as the area per hectare basalt (Mitchell, 2007).

1.5.7        Relative Dominance

relative dominance of certain species is defined to be an absolute dominance of each species divided by total closure of 100 times to express the result in percentage (Mitchell, 2007).

1.5.8        The Importance Value Index

important value is the price that is obtained based on the sum of the relative value of a number of variables that have been measured

1.5.9        Frequency

Frequency is a variable which describes the propagation of the population in a region (Syafei, 1990)

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Vegetation

Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consist of some kind of living together in one place. In the mechanisms of life together are close interactions, both amongst individuals vegetation component itself and with other organisms making a living system and growing and dynamic (Fakuara, 1990).

Vegetation, soil and climate are closely linked and in every place has a specific balance. Vegetation somewhere will vary with vegetation elsewhere because of its different environmental factors. The forest vegetation is something dynamic system, always evolving in accordance with the state of the habitat.

Tjitrosoepomo (2004), stated that the analysis of plant communities is a way of studying the arrangement or composition or structure of the type and form of vegetation. In forest ecology, vegetation units are studied or investigated in the form of plant community is a concrete association of all the species of plants that occupy a habitat. Therefore, the objectives to be achieved in a community analysis is to determine the species composition and community structure in an area being studied.   

2.2 Definition of Point Center Quarter Method

Point center quarter method is a method to use to distance many trees and shrubs. The parameters used are the frequency, density and dominance. The number of individuals in an area can be determined by the density and dominance. The number of individuals in an area dpat determined by measuring the distance of individual plants with the sampling point. Sampling point is the point in the transect line, at that point divided by four quadrants, each of which contained individual plants closest distance to the sampling point.

Quadrant method or "Point-Centered Quarter Method" is one method of distance (Distance Method). This method does not use sample plot (plotless) and generally used in the analysis stage vegetation tree or pole (pole). But can also be equipped with saplings (mutual or belta) and seedlings (seedling) if you want to observe the vegetation structure tree. Trees are plants ³ 20 cm in diameter, the diameter of 10-20 cm is piling, diameter <10 cm and height of trees> 2.5 m is the stake, as well as tree height <2.5 m is tillers. Terms implementation quadrant method is the distribution of tree or pole to be analyzed must be random and not clumped or uniform.

A variety of characters plants can be measured, usually vegetation parameters commonly measured is the density (density), dominance, and frequency (frequency), Importance Value Index (IVI). Density, dominant, frequency, and INP can be obtained by various means sampling method. Parameters such vegetation can be quantified as follows:

1.        Density

Density (density) is a count of the number of individuals of a species per unit area. The Size in square meters (m2).

The density of all species = count number of individuals of all species

                                                                 The area snippet

Above calculation is the calculation of absolute density or also called the actual density. For specific purposes would be very useful if the contribution of individuals of one species count is expressed as a relationship between a count of individuals of a species with a total count of individuals of all species to be found in all the plots studied. This is referred to as the relative density.

The relative density of species A = Total count of the individual species A         x 100%

total number of individuals of all species count

2.        Frequency

Frequency is the measurement of the distribution or Shareable species found on the plots studied. Frequency answer questions on any plot of these species are found or how many times the appearance of a species on the plots studied. Frequency is expressed as a percentage of the emergence of a plot count a species found.

Frequency of species A = Number of plots presence of species Ax 100%

  Total number of plots sampled

Frequency can be expressed in fractions or in percent. Frequency can also be expressed by a relative term.

The relative frequency of species A =Total frequency of species Ax 100%

The total number of frequencies across species

3. Dominance

Dominance of a species can be determined by measuring the basal area of trees or cover(coverage)tree or herb. Broad basal area of a species can be obtained from the tree diameter at 1.5 m from ground level. When the tree has a root buttresses the tree diameter is measured directly above banirnya. Cover the tree or herb is widely projected canopy or canopy of trees or herbs. Determination is almost similar to the determination of density, unit is cm²or m2.

4. Importance Value Index (IVI)

Represents the sum of the relative value of the frequency of density and dominance of a kind. INP is often used because it allows the interpretation of the results of the analysis of vegetation.

CHAPTER III

METHOD

1.1  Time and Place of Practicum

Practical of vegetation analysis held on Thursday, 8 March 2017 at 07.00 am until 10.30 am at the Malabar forest Malang

1.2  Tools and Materials

1.2.1        Tools

1.    Meterroll

2.    Meter of fabric

3.    Clinometer

4.    Compass crosshairs

5.    Stationery

6.    Raffia

7.    Camera

8.    Termohigrometer

9.    SoilTermo

10.                        Soil analyzer

1.2.2        Materials

1.      Plastic bag

2.      Paper label

1.3  Working Procedures

1.      Specifies the observation form complex vegetation.

2.      Determine the center point of observation.

3.      Preparing clinometer and roll meter.

4.      Make quadrant with 5x5 m, a total of 3 plots without the distance between the plot

5.      For a tree that has a circumference of at least 30 cm and located closest to the center point of the transect made earlier in all four quadrants.

6.      Measure the circumference of the tree which is parallel to the observer's chest using a roll meter

7.      Measure the height of the observer's eyes to toe

8.      Measure the distance from the center of the tree.

9.      Measure the distance observer of the tree.

10.  Determine the elevation angle by using a clinometer.

11.  Measuring abiotic factors of each plot.

12.  Calculated variables: the relative density, relative dominance, relative frequency, an important value.

   

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Result of Data Analysis

Species	Relative Density (%)	Relative Frequence (%)	Relative Dominance(%)	Importance Value Index (%)	Rank
Albizia chinensis	28,571027	28,571428	13,579569	70,722024	1
Mimusops elengi	28,571027	28,571428	8,614340	65,756795	3
Polyalthia longifolia	14,285689	14,285714	11,295581	39,866984	5
Inocarpus fagifer	14,285689	14,285714	39,899654	68,471057	2
Eugenia uniflora	14,285689	14,285714	26,610853	55,182256	4

From the analysis of vegetation using the point centered quarter known that generate a sequence of dominant plant is

CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

Based on the results of data analysis known that plant species that have value most significant figures in the forests of Malabar Malang, Albizia chinensis with the important value index by 70.72%, while the value of plant species that have important numbers lowest in the vegetation is Polyalthia longifolia, with important value index by 39.86%. Albizia chinensis or commonly known as the Sengon tree has the following classifications:

Classification

Division           : Magnoliophyta

Class                : Magnoliopsida

Order               : Fabales

Family             : Fabaceae

Genus              : Albizia

Species            : Albizia chinensis

Common name / trademark: Sengon

Description

Habitus     : Tree can reach 40 m high with a large branch of ± 20 m.

Trunk       : The surface of the bark of white, gray-greenish abuatau, smooth, sometimes slightly beralurdengan stripes elongate lenticels. Dimater average 70-80 cm.

Leaves      :The leaves are arranged paripinnately sengon double with small leaves children and easy to fall off. Pale green leaf color sengon

Flowers    : Flowers are arranged in the form tanamn sengon malay size of about 0.5 to 1 cm, yellowish white in color and slightly hairy.

Fruit         : Fruit sengon pod-shaped, flat, thin and a length of approximately 6-12 cm

Seeds        : Each pods contain 15-30 seeds. Seed shapes like small shields and if the old seeds are blackish brown, somewhat hard, and waxy.

Roots        : Stables, brown.

(Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993).

Albizia chinensis is a plant that has an index value of the highest importance in plants obtained from observations when PCQ which amounted to 70.72%, this means Albizia chinensis a species that dominates, which is the species most commonly found in every quadrant of the sampling point to the analysis by the method of point centered quareter. Pendominansian showed that Albizia chinensis tolerance of living is higher than other plant species to live in areas such vegetation. This factor supports plant Albizia chinensis to win the competition from among species in the ecosystem in a forest area Malabar Malang.When associated with a discovery, Albizia chinensis found on plots 1 and 2, where the plots have an average of abiotic factors as follows:

·         Air temperature: 27 ° C

·         Humidity of air: 72 ° C

·         Soil Fertility: Low

·         Light: 4.25

·         Moisture ground : 1

·         soil pH: 7.5

·         temperature of land: 23

Abiotic factors that make plants Albizia chinensis better able to liveforest area of Malabar. In addition it is also supported by a statement stating that Albizia chinensis could grow on various types of soil, including the soil is dry, moist soil and even in soils containing salt and acid for sufficient drainage (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993). Albizia chinensis will grow optimally at soil textured sandy loam or clay dusty soil acidity around pH 6-7.Sengon including pioneer species that can grow in primary forest, secondary lowland rain forest and mountain forests, meadows and along the edge street near the sea. Albizia chinensis, including tropical plants, can be grown at an altitude of 1500 asl. Optimal height for crop development between 0-800 above sea level and an average temperature of 18-27^°C (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993).

Polyalthia longifolia or customarily called the plant glodok has the following classifications:

Division           : Magnoliophyta

Class                : Magnoliopsida

Order               : Magnoliales

Familia            : Annonaceae

Genus              : Polyalthia

Species            : Polyalthia longifolia

Polyalthia longifolia is a plant that has the index value matters the most is low compared to plant other types PCQ observation time which is equal to 39.86%, this indicates that the plant is very rarely found at each sampling point.  When associated with a discovery, Polyalthia longifolia is found only on plot 5, where these plots have an average factor abiotic as follows:

·         Air temperature: 28 ° C

·         Humidity of air: 70 ° C

·         Fertility: too little

·         light: 4

·         humidity soil: 1

·         pH : 7.5

·         soil temperature: 23.5

Judging from abiotic factor in the plot area 5 is slightly different, it appears that the plant Polyalthia longifolia are rarely found in other plots, this plant may actually be able to grow the area quite a lot but because in this method only see a few quarters of plots 5 elected, so this plant is only comparatively very little, because according Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) stated that Polyalthia longifolia can live in various types of soil conditions even though it has a moisture and fertility very little. Polyalthia longifolia is common around the pavement.

 

CHAPTER VI

CLOSING

4.1 Conclusion

1.      Plant species that live in the forests of Malabar Malang based on analysis of vegetation method PCQ is Albizia chinensis, Mimusops elengi, Inocarpus fagifer, Polyalthia longifolia, and

2.      Based on statistical analysis known species that has a numerical value is important most is Albizia chinensis with Importance Value Index by 70.72% , while the plant species that have a low value of significant figures in most of the vegetation is Polyalthia longifolia with important value index by 39.86%.

3.      Abiotic factors affect the density, diversity, frequency and dominance of a particular species

4.2  Suggestion

1.      It is recommended to students who do further research to be more careful in conducting research.

2.    It is advisable for students to participate in preserving the natural world around us.

3.    Suggested to the public to maintain the diversity of plants in the environment.

4.    Advised the public to not use natural resources particularly excessive vegetation.

REFERENCES

Fakuara, MY. 1990. Pengantar Bioteknologi Kehutanan. Bogor: Dirjen Pendidikan Tinggi dan PAU IPB

Kimball. 1965.  Biologi Edisi kelima Jilid II . Jakarta : Erlangga.

Mitchell, Kevin. 2007. Quantitative Analysis by the Point-Centered Quarter Method. NewYork : Hobart and William Smith Colleges.

Soerianegara, I. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. 1993. Plant resources of South-east Asia 5(1): timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Syafei, Eden Surasana. 1990. Pengantar Ekologi Tumbuhan. ITB: Bandung.

Tjitrosoepomo, G. 2002. Taksonomi Tumbuhan. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.

ATTACHMENT

DATA TABEL

Titik Sampling	No. Quarter	Jarak (cm)	Nama Tumbuhan	Diameter Pohon (cm)	Keliling Pohon (cm)	Tinggi Pohon (cm)
1	1	-	-	-	-	-
	2	250	Albizia chinensis	15,6050955	49	1093
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	286	Mimusops elengi	14,9681529	47	632
2	1	-	-	-	-	-
	2	258	Albizia chinensis	15,9235669	50	951
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	320	Mimusops elengi	9,55414013	30	710
3	1	290	Eugenia uniflora	31,2101911	98	1800
	2	-	-	-	-	-
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	-	-	-	-	-
4	1	350	Inocarpus fagifer	38,21650	120	1760
	2	-	-	-	-	-
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	-	-	-	-	-
5	1	320	Polyalthia longifolia	20,22292	63,5	1641
	2	-	-	-	-	-
	3	-	-	-	-	-
	4	-	-	-	-	-

Tinggi Pengamat : 156 cm

 

Data Analysis

1.        Menghitung Densitas

Spesies	Jumlah	Jumlah Pohon per 100 m2
Albizia chinensis	0,285714	0,000325464
Mimusops elengi	0,285714	0,000325464
Polyalthia longifolia	0,142857	0,000162734
Inocarpus fagifer	0,142857	0,000162734
Eugenia uniflora	0,142857	0,000162734
Total		0,00113914

Menghitung Densitas Relatif

1.        Menghitung Dominansi

Basal Area (BA) = ¼ Πd²

Albizia chinensis		Mimusops elengi		Polyalthia longifolia		Inocarpus fagifer		Eugenia uniflora
D pohon	BA	D pohon	BA	D pohon	BA	D pohon	BA	D pohon	BA
15,60	191,16	14,96	175,87	20,33	324,57	38,21	1146,4	31,21	764,64
15,92	199,04	9,55	71,65	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total BA	390,20		247,53		324,57		1146,4		764,64
Rata2 BA	195,10		123,76		324,57		1146,4		764,64

Menghitung Dominansi Jenis Tumbuhan

Albizia chinensis	195,103502 X 0,000325464	0,0634991662
Mimusops elengi	123,765926 X 0,000325464	0,0402813533
Polyalthia longifolia	324,572933 X 0,000162734	0,0528190517
Inocarpus fagifer	1146,496814 X 0,000162734	0,1865740125
Eugenia uniflora	764,649682 X 0,000162734	0,1244345014
Total		0,467608085

Menghitung Dominansi Relatif

Menghitung Nilai INP

Species	Relative Density (%)	Relative Frequence (%)	Relative Dominance(%)	Importance Value Index (%)	Rank
Albizia chinensis	28,571027	28,571428	13,579569	70,722024	1
Mimusops elengi	28,571027	28,571428	8,614340	65,756795	3
Polyalthia longifolia	14,285689	14,285714	11,295581	39,866984	5
Inocarpus fagifer	14,285689	14,285714	39,899654	68,471057	2
Eugenia uniflora	14,285689	14,285714	26,610853	55,182256	4